带有侧摩擦和底摩擦的绕岛理论     

杨延召  魏泽勋  王冠琳  连展  王立伟 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(4):146-153

绕岛理论来自于Sverdrup理论，被广泛用于估计和分析通过岛屿之间海峡的输运情况。以往的研究得到了带有侧摩擦或底摩擦的单岛理论或多岛理论。本文在线性情况下考虑了风驱动环流下的解析模型。在同时考虑侧摩擦和底摩擦的情况下，推导出了岛屿周围输运流函数的解析解，并给出了通过岛屿之间通道的流量输运。其结果与Wajsowicz相似，但摩擦常数表示不同的值。从解析解上看，摩擦常数与侧摩擦和底摩擦之间的关系比较复杂，为了推导出它们之间的相互作用原理，本文在正压β平面上随机选取了一些侧摩擦和底摩擦的值。结果表明，在构成摩擦常数方面，侧摩擦和底摩擦近似呈线性关系。我们研究了宽度对通道输运值的影响，结果表明摩擦在一定宽度内提高了流量，这种现象和只考虑侧摩擦时比较相似。本文也比较了在不同深度下的流量，发现当水平涡粘性系数和底部拖曳系数固定时，水深越大，输运减少率越小。为了进一步揭示侧摩擦和底摩擦耗散的联合作用，在两个岛屿的情况下，本文在不同宽度的通道中与Wajsowicz的只考虑底摩擦或侧摩擦的模型进行了比较。结果表明，当通道比较窄，尤其是在小于Munk边界层厚度时，侧摩擦的作用大于底摩擦。当通道宽度远大于Munk边界层厚度时，底摩擦的作用大于侧摩擦。将模型应用到印尼贯穿流，得到大约20%的输运减少量。  相似文献   

珠江口伶仃洋地貌特征演变与纳潮能力变化研究     

宫清华  周晴  李平日  刘旭拢 《海洋学报》2019,41(1):98-107

在自然和人为的双重作用下，珠江口伶仃洋地貌特征发生了巨大变化，改变了水动力环境，致使纳潮能力也发生深刻变化。本文以珠江口伶仃洋地貌变化和纳潮能力变化为研究对象，采用近百年来的古地图资料、人类活动和水文特征等资料，通过第四纪地质学、地图学、遥感学、历史地理学等方法，反演内伶仃洋形态变化过程，探讨1906年以来珠江口伶仃洋的地貌变化过程。采用岸线分维数、形状指数、纳潮量、潮差消减能力，定量反映地貌变化对纳潮能力的影响。结果表明，1906-2014年，地形演变造成伶仃洋纳潮量减少了14.50%；1971-2014年，伶仃洋纳潮量减少了11.27%。海岸线的变化引起纳潮能力逐渐变弱，潮差沿程变化率减小了0.23，尤其是自1971年以来，因堤围等建设，河口岸线逐渐平直，纳潮能力逐渐减弱。  相似文献   

结合有人和无人驾驶船观测以及长期定点观测计算寒潮过境引起的海水输运     

WEEKS Eddie  ROBINSON Mark E  李春雁 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(11):1-7

高分辨率的数据对于理解近海的复杂过程以及制定有效的管理措施日益重要，特别是考虑到恶劣气象的长期效应。这种长期效应的积累可以与潮汐的长期效应一样重要。本文讨论的即是一个大气锋面过境的过程对于Vermilion Bay水输运的影响。我们的研究采用了有人船和自制的无人船作为载具来测量流速剖面。这种自制无人船造价低廉、简单实用、可控性好，可以做比有人船更精确的测量。我们采用安装在这些观测载具上的多普勒流速剖面仪在一个潮周期内反复对流速的横向和垂向断面的水通量做高分辨率的精准测量，然后与一个定点的多普勒流速剖面仪的流速做相关分析得出相关系数。利用所求相关系数把水通量的计算扩展到总共717天的定点观测时间段，以此讨论在这个期间最强的一次大气寒潮过境时产生的水输运并阐述此类过程的重要性。  相似文献   

Numerical investigation of bore hole filling volume in a coastal area     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Tidal energy is a promising way to reduce the carbon fossil energy. Installing tidal converters remains difficult particularly due to the bore hole filling by drill residuals and ambient sediments. To fix this issue, we perform a coupling between a coastal circulation model and a discrete element model, with an application to Alderney Race, and considering spherical particles. The coupled model is firstly described, validated and then used to investigate the parameters controlling the filling volume of monopile and tripod technologies. The results are analysed for different disposition of residuals and initial current direction and intensity. We show that: the distance between the bore hole centre and the residuals is the key parameter controlling the filling by drill residuals; the current direction plays a negligible role in monopile while this distance remains smaller than 20 m; the filling of tripod is strongly influenced by current effects and seabed morphology. Impacts of bed roughness (modelled by steady spherical particles inlaying in the seabed) and ambient sediments are quantified and discussed. Interactions between moving particles and bottom roughness lead to a slight increase of the filling while the impact of ambient sediments strongly depends on seabed morphology and current effects.  相似文献   

Predicting dam-related downstream geomorphic response with widely available stream gauge data: A case study of the Godavari River Basin,India     

Joy Sanyal  Priyanka Dasgupta  Shinjiro Kanae 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2020,41(2):284-298

Dam-related downstream adjustments of riverbeds are normally investigated by analysing the trend in sediment supply and high flow events during the pre- and post-dam periods. The required data for existing predictive models is not measured at river gauges, which limits the application of these tools. We derived the frequency of sediment-transporting streamflow events (T*) and upstream sediment supply (S*) in the pre- and post-dam periods with widely available gauged records and predicted changes in the downstream riverbed by adapting an existing model. Ten gauging stations in the Godavari River Basin, India, located downstream of dams, were chosen as study sites. Annually surveyed cross-sections at each site validated the accuracy of the predicted dam-related downstream changes. Then, a regression equation (R² = 0.75) was established between T*/S* (independent variable) and changes in the downstream bed elevation (dependent variable) for the Godavari Basin. We recommended that similar local empirical equations be formulated for larger river basins. Models of large-scale rainfall-runoff and sediment transport processes that can account for the influence of dams, such as the Soil & Water Assessment Tool, can be paired with the proposed regression equation to estimate dam-related downstream erosion and deposition with globally available data.  相似文献   

Comparison of scenario‐neutral approaches for estimation of climate change impacts on flood characteristics     

Luise Keller  Ole Rssler  Olivia Martius  Rolf Weingartner 《水文研究》2019,33(4):535-550

Scenario‐neutral assessments of climate change impact on floods analyse the sensitivity of a catchment to a range of changes in selected meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation. The key challenges of the approach are the choice of the meteorological variables and statistics thereof and how to generate time series representing altered climatologies of the selected variables. Different methods have been proposed to achieve this, and it remains unclear if and to which extent they result in comparable flood change projections. Here, we compare projections of annual maximum floods (AMFs) derived from three different scenario‐neutral methods for a prealpine study catchment. The methods chosen use different types of meteorological data, namely, observations, regional climate model output, and weather generator data. The different time series account for projected changes in the seasonality of temperature and precipitation, in the occurrence statistics of precipitation, and of daily precipitation extremes. Resulting change in mean AMF peak magnitudes and volumes differs in sign between the methods (range of ?6% to +7% for flood peak magnitudes and ?11% to +14% for flood volumes). Moreover, variability of projected peak magnitudes and flood volumes depends on method with one approach leading to a generally larger spread. The differences between the methods vary depending on whether peak magnitudes or flood volumes are considered and different relationships between peak magnitude and volume change result. These findings can be linked to differing flood regime changes among the three approaches. The study highlights that considering selected aspects of climate change only when performing scenario‐neutral studies may lead to differing representations of flood generating processes by the approaches and thus different quantifications of flood change. As each method comes with its own strengths and weaknesses, it is recommended to combine several scenario‐neutral approaches to obtain more robust results.  相似文献   

“一带一路”倡议下中欧集装箱潜在铁路运输流的空间格局模拟     

陆梦秋  陈娱 《地理科学》2019,39(9):1416-1424

在“一带一路”倡议背景下,探讨中欧集装箱运输通道的空间格局对中欧班列运输组织优化及欧亚大陆一体化发展具有重要意义。基于铁路货运网络数据提取了各地市节点的对欧运输最短路径,采用集装箱货源系数算法对各地市对欧进出口总额进行加权计算,用以表征腹地对欧陆运集装箱生成量,模拟潜在的中欧集装箱铁路运输流汇集格局。研究表明：① 在满洲里、二连浩特和阿拉山口三大陆运优势片区分别形成了沿大连-营口-锦州-通辽-白城-齐齐哈尔-满洲里集装箱运输东通道,沿上海-南京-济南-天津-北京-乌兰察布-二连浩特集装箱运输中通道,以及沿杭州-合肥-西安-兰州-乌鲁木齐-阿拉山口集装箱运输西通道;② 长三角地区是中、西通道的始流区域,区域内城市通过两通道运输集装箱的成本相当;③ 集装箱流量汇集的关键节点共22个,其中,齐齐哈尔、乌兰察布、北京、济南、南京、乌鲁木齐和西安为第一等级汇集点。  相似文献   

多尺度交通出行碳排放影响因素研究进展     

杨文越  曹小曙 《地理科学进展》2019,38(11):1814-1828

减少交通出行碳排放是全球共同面对的重大议题之一,同时也是城市和交通可持续发展的重要目标。论文首先基于文献计量方法对近20年来的全球交通出行碳排放研究现状与趋势进行梳理与分析,在此基础上,分别从国家、城市和社区3个尺度对国家交通能源消耗及其碳排放的驱动力因素、城市形态对交通碳排放的影响以及社区建成环境对居民出行碳排放的影响研究进行了文献综述与归纳凝练。研究发现：① 国家尺度的研究早期大多基于时间序列数据,采用分解法探究交通能源消耗的主要驱动力;近年来,研究进一步根据能源消耗数据“自上而下”地测算交通碳排放,并通过构建面板数据模型探究社会经济、城市形态和交通发展因素对交通碳排放的影响。② 城市尺度的研究早期围绕紧凑城市是否一种低碳的城市形态而进行讨论,主要使用截面数据和相关分析方法;近年来,进一步拓展使用情景预测、GIS空间分析、空间回归、空间模拟等方法探究城市交通碳排放的空间差异及其与城市形态、城市中心分布形式之间的关系。③ 在社区尺度,研究多以截面、非集计的问卷调查数据为主,采用定量的数学模型探究居民社会经济属性和人口密度,土地利用混合度,与就业地、城市中心的距离,路网与交叉口密度、公共交通供给水平等建成环境要素对居民出行碳排放的影响。最后有针对性地提出了未来中国城市交通出行碳排放影响因素的研究趋势。  相似文献   

流域交通运输地理研究进展与展望     

吴威  梁双波  曹有挥 《地理科学进展》2019,38(8):1136-1149

流域交通运输地理在区域交通运输地理的理论框架下,以流域或流域的部分区域为研究区开展交通运输组织及其发展规律研究。论文从交通网络、运输联系及区域效应3个方面梳理了流域交通运输地理的研究进展。 ① 交通网络相关研究围绕综合交通发展水平与格局、网络连接特征与可达性、港口体系的空间结构与供应链等展开,多式联运正成为流域交通运输地理研究的新热点;② 运输联系主要研究客货运输联系规律和交通流,流域物流地理的研究重点正从物流产业布局与企业选址向物流网络与空间组织、物流供应链转移;③ 区域效应偏重于经济增长效应,资源环境生态效应研究较为薄弱。基于流域交通运输地理研究的侧重点,结合当前研究进展与流域发展需求,流域交通运输地理学未来应重视流域港口体系与水运发展,关注综合交通网络构建与运输组织以及多式联运,探究不同层级流域交通运输间的关联性,同时应加强流域交通运输的资源环境与生态效应研究。  相似文献   

Multi-dimensional expansion of urban space through the lens of land use: The case study of Nanjing City,China     

Qiao  Weifeng  Gao  Junbo  Guo  Yuanzhi  Ji  Qingqing  Wu  Ju  Cao  Min 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(5):749-761

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The study of multi-dimensional expansion of urban space (MEUS) addresses the laws of urban spatial expansion from all directions and angles. Using Nanjing as an...  相似文献